Journal Title
LONG VOWELS, DIPHTHONGS, AND TRIPHTHONGS
Authors
Anggun Harmin Syam, Sukmawati, Weni Hastuti, Andy Yunus
Keywords
Long Vowels, Diphthongs, and Trihthongs
Abstract
In previous session we have learn and discuss about The Production of Speech Sounds. In this chapter we will discuss more about Long Vowels, diphthongs, and Triphthongs. The first long vowel are the vowels which tend to be longer than the short vowels in the similatr context. The second Diphthongs is a sound which consist of a movement or glide from one vowel to another. Diphthongs are like the long vowels but it’s longer and stronger then the long vowels it self. The third triphthongs is the most complex english sound of the vowel type they can be rather difficult to pronounce and very difficult to recognise.
Introduction
This chapter will explain more about long vowels, diphthongs, and triphtongs. How to use or pronounce the long vowels, diphthongs, and triphthongs also how to recognise them. Because of notoriously confusing nature of English spelling it is particularly important to learn about english pronounciation rather than letters of the alphabet this part is also concern as model of learning.
Vowels differ from consonants in two very important ways: they are articulated without any kind of obstruction in the oral cavity – i.e., the articulators do not form a complete or partial closure or a narrowed passage in the way of the exhaled air. On the other hand, vowels differ from consonants in their behaviour, too: while consonants typically occur in syllable marginal positions – they appear at the peripheries of the syllable –, vowels form the very core of the syllable and occur in syllable central position.
phonetic classes may be defined in the English vowel system. In some vowels the position of the tongue is relatively stable during articulation; such vowels are called monophthongs. In other vowels, though, the position that the tongue occupies at the beginning of the vowel differs significantly from what it occupies at the end of the vowel; i.e., The phonology of English vowels: an introduction some tongue movement is involved. Such vowels are referred to as diphthongs (and triphthongs). We may also think of this difference as a difference in how many vowels are found within one syllable though that triphthongs are not found in all dialects of English: those dialects that pronounce all underlying /r/'s – the so-called rhotic dialects, cf.
Discussion
A. Long Vowels
The first to be introduced here are the five long vowels. These are the vowels wich tend to be longer than the short vowels in similar contexts. The length of all english vowel sound varies very much according to the context the presence or absence of stress. The symbol consist of one vowels plus length mark made of two dots :. Thus we have : i:, ɜː, ɑː , ɔː , u:. We will now look at these long vowels individually.
· the back – opposite the soft palate
· the centre – opposite the meeting point of hard and soft palate
· the front – opposite the hard palate
· the blade – the tapering area facing the ridge of teeth
· the tip – the extreme end of the tongue
The first three of these (back, centre and front) are known together as the dorsum (which is Latin for
backbone or spine)
1. i:
This vowels to cardinal vowel no. I (i) than the short I vowel of bid, pin, fish. The lips are only slightly spread and this results in a rather different vowel quality. Example beat, mean, peace.
2. ɜː
This is a central vowels which well known in most english accents as a hesitation sound, but wich many foreigners find difficult to copy. The lip position is neutral. Example bird, fern, purse.
3. ɑː
This is an open vowel in the region of cardinal vowel , but not us back as this. The lip position is neutral. Example card, half, pass.
4. ɔː
The tongue height for this vowel is between cardinal vowel no. 6 (ɔ) and no. 7 (o). The vowel is almost fully back and has quite strong lip rounding. Example board, torn, horse.
5. u:
This vowel is not very different from cardinal vowel no. 8 (u), but is not quite so close, and the lips are only moderately rounded. Example food, soon, loose.
All the long vowels have symbols wich are different from the short vowels, different quality and as well as length. The long and short vowels symbol would still all be different from each other even if we omitted the length mark, so it is important to remember that the length mark is usednot because it essential but because it helps learners to remember the length difference.
B. Diphthongs
Diphthongs is a sound wich consists of a movement or glide from one vowel to another. A vowels which remain constans and does not glide is called a pure vowel and one of tthe most common pronounciation mistakes that results in a learner of english having a foreign accent is the production of pure vowels where diphthong should be pronounced.
In terms of length dhipthong are like the long vowels. Perhaps the most important thing is all the diphthong is that the first part is much longer and stronger. Most of the diphthong consist of the a vowel, and only in about the last quarter of the diphthong does the glide to begin. As the glide to happens the loudness of the sound decreases. As the result, the part is shorter and quieter. The last part of the diphthong must not be made strongly.
The total number of diphthong is eight. The easiest way to remember them is in term of three group divided as in the diagram below ;
əʊ
|
aʊ
|
centring
|
Ending in I
|
Ending in ʊ
|
closing
|
Ending in ə
|
DIPHTHONG
|
eI
|
əI
|
ɔI
|
Iə
|
eə
|
ʊə
|
The centring diphthongs glide towards the ə (schwa) vowel, as the symbol indicates.
1. Iə
The starting point is a little closer than I in bit, bin. Example beard, Ian, fierce.
2. eə
This diphthong begins with the same vowel sound as the ‘e’ of get, men. Example aired, cairn, scarce.
3. ʊə
This has a starting point slightly closer than ʊ in put and pull. Example moored and tour.
The closing diphthongs has a characteristic they all end with a glide towards a closer vowel. Because the second part of the diphthong is weak, they often do not reach a position that could be called close. The important thing is that a glide from a relatively more open towards a relatively close vowel is produced. Three of the diphthongs glide towards I, as described below ;
1. eI
The starting point is the same as the ‘e’ of get and men. Example paid, pain, and face.
2. əI
This diphthong begin with an open vowel which is between front and back it is quite similar to the ‘ʌ’ of the word cut and bun. Example tide, time, and nice.
3. ɔI
The first part of this diphthong has the same qulity as ɔː in ought and born. Example void, loin, and voice.
Two diphthong glide toward ʊ, so that asthe tongue moves closer to the mouth there is at the same time a rounding movement of the lips. This movement is not a large one, again becausethe second partof the diphthong is weak.
1. əʊ
The vowel position for the beginning of this is the same as for the scwa vowel ə as found in the first syllable of the word about. The lips might be slightly rounded in anticipation of the glide towards ʊ, for which there is quite niticeable lip rounding. Example load, home, and most.
2. aʊ
This diphthong begins with a vowel similar to ɔː but a litlle more front. Since this is an open vowel, a glide to ʊ would necessitate a large movement. Usually in english the glide toward ʊ begin but it is not completed, the end of the diphthong being somewhere between half open and half closein tongue height. There is only slight lip rounding. Example loud, gown, and house.
C. Triphthongs
The most complex english sound of the vowel type are the triphthongs. They can be rather difficult to pronounce and very difficult to recognise. A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third, all produced rapidly and without interuption. A carefull pronounciation of the word hour begins with a vowel quality similar to ɑː goes on to a glide towards the back close the rounded area, then end with a mid central vowel. We use the symbol aʊə to represent the way we pronounce ‘hour’ but this is not always accurate representation of the pronounciation.
The triphthong can be looked on his being composed of the five closing diphthongs described in the last section, with ə added on the end thus we get :
eI + ə = eIə
aI + ə = aIə
ɔ I + ə = ɔIə
əʊ + ə = əʊə
aʊ + ə = aʊə
the principal cause of difficulty for the foreign learner is that in present day english the extent of the vowel movement is very small, except in very careful pronounciation. Because of yhis, the middle of the three vowel qualities of the triphthong can hardly heard and the resulting sound is difficult to distinguish from some of the diphthongs and long vowels.
There is so much variation in amount of vowel movement according to how slow and careful the pronounciation is and also because the ‘careful’ pronounciation can be found by looking at the descriptiong of the corresponding diphthong and adding ə to the end. Example :
- eIə = layer and player
- aIə = liar and fire
- ɔIə = loyal and royal
- əʊə = lower and mower
- aʊə = power and hour
CONCLUSION
There are five kind of long vowels these are the vowels which tends to be longer than the short vowel in similar. The length of all english vowel sounds varies very much according to context and the presence and absence of stress. Diphthong is a sound which consist of a movement or glide from one vowel to another and the diphthong has 8 type. Triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third and ir has 5 type.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Roach,Peter. (1991) English Phonetics and Phonology.Cambridge University Press
The phonology of English vowels
Andrew Moore, 2001.http://www.shunsley.eril.net/armoore/
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